Capitalism vs Socialism in An Inspector Calls

An Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestley is not only a story about a family and a young woman named Eva Smith, but it is also a play about society, morality, and responsibility. One of the key ideas in the play is the conflict between capitalism and socialism. Understanding these concepts helps students see why Priestley wrote the play and what messages he wanted to convey.

What is Capitalism?

Capitalism is an economic system where businesses are privately owned and individuals aim to make as much profit as possible. People who support capitalism often value self-reliance, competition, and personal success. In a capitalist society, wealth and power tend to be concentrated in the hands of a few, and social responsibility is often secondary to financial gain.

In An Inspector Calls, Arthur Birling represents capitalism. He is a wealthy businessman who focuses on profit and social status. For example, he says, “A man has to make his own way – has to look after himself,” which shows his belief that people should take care of themselves rather than relying on others. Birling’s treatment of his workers also reflects capitalist values. When Eva Smith asks for a raise, he refuses, saying, “If you don’t come down sharply on some of these people, they’d soon be asking for the Earth.” This shows that he values control, profit, and social hierarchy over the wellbeing of his employees.

What is Socialism?

Socialism, on the other hand, is about cooperation, fairness, and the idea that everyone in society has a responsibility to care for each other. Socialists believe that wealth and resources should be shared more equally and that people should look after the vulnerable.

In the play, the Inspector represents socialism. He constantly challenges the Birlings and Gerald Croft about their treatment of Eva Smith and emphasizes that everyone in society is connected: “We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other.” This statement clearly contrasts with Birling’s capitalist attitude and demonstrates Priestley’s socialist message: selfish actions harm society as a whole, and ignoring the needs of others can have tragic consequences.

Capitalism vs Socialism in the Characters

Many characters in the play show different attitudes toward capitalism and socialism.

• Arthur Birling: As already mentioned, he strongly represents capitalism. He values profit and status over people’s wellbeing. He refuses to accept responsibility for Eva Smith’s death, saying, “I can’t accept any responsibility,” showing his selfish attitude.

• Sybil Birling: She also reflects capitalist values. Her concern is maintaining social status and appearances. When Eva Smith seeks help from her charity, Sybil refuses aid, saying, “I’m very sorry. But I think she had only herself to blame.” Her attitude shows how capitalist and upper-class thinking can lack compassion.

• The Inspector: He embodies socialism. He teaches that wealth and power should be used responsibly and that everyone has a moral duty to care for others. The Inspector’s warnings highlight the consequences of ignoring social responsibility.

Sheila and Eric Birling: The younger Birlings show that social attitudes can change. Sheila admits her own mistakes, saying, “It was my own fault,” and Eric takes responsibility for his actions as well. They are more willing to accept socialist ideas and demonstrate moral growth.

Why Priestley Highlights This Conflict

J.B. Priestley wrote An Inspector Calls in 1945, just after the Second World War. Britain was facing huge social and economic changes, and there was a debate about whether society should continue to follow capitalist ideals or move toward more socialist policies, such as a welfare state. Priestley was a socialist and used the play to show that selfishness and greed, represented by the Birlings, are dangerous, while responsibility and fairness, represented by the Inspector, are necessary for a healthy society.

The play uses dramatic tension to explore this conflict. The Inspector’s interrogation exposes the flaws in capitalist thinking, while the younger generation’s willingness to change reflects hope for a more equal and fair society. Priestley’s message is clear: society will be stronger if people embrace social responsibility rather than selfish individualism.

In An Inspector Calls, capitalism and socialism are more than just political ideas—they are central to understanding the characters and the moral lessons of the play. Capitalism, shown by Arthur and Sybil Birling, prioritises wealth, status, and self-interest, often at the expense of others. Socialism, represented by the Inspector, stresses fairness, empathy, and collective responsibility. Priestley’s play encourages the audience to reflect on their own society and consider the importance of looking after one another. For GCSE students, understanding this conflict helps explain why the characters act the way they do and what Priestley’s key message about society really is.